Webpage from a Personal website

Surname, INITIALS. (YYYY, Month day). Webpage title: Subtitle. Website Title. (if required) Retrieved Month Day, YYYY, URL

Truss, E. (2014, April 13). Ways to engage in art. Hints and tips from an artist. https://......

Truss, E. (2014, April 13). Ways to engage in art. Hints and tips from an artist. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from https://......

Webpage from a Website of an organisation or official body with individual authors

Where there are individual authors who wrote on behalf of an organisation etc, cite the individual authors and include the name of the group author after the webpage title information.

Where no authors are listed on the title page but there is a suggested reference provided with individual authors credited, this will need to be adapted to APA style, but cite these individual authors and include the name of the organisation after the webpage information.

Author(s) name(s). (YYYY, Month day). Webpage Title: Subtitle. Group author. (if required) Retrieved Month Day, YYYY, from URL

Parks, D. (2004. March 14). Participation in art programs. Research Institute for Art.  https.........

In-text: 

Follows standard Author/Year format, with page numbers for any quotes. For further guidance see the In-Text Citations page 

Abbreviating the names of organisations and official bodies

For guidance on abbreviating the names of organisations, corporate authors and official bodies please see Organisations and abbreviations of Official Bodies in the In-Text Citations section. 

No individual authors listed (If any Individual authors are listed - please see guidance above on websites with personal authors)

For a web page without individual authors, use the group name as the author. If the website name is the same as the group author, only the title of the webpage is needed.

Group Author. (YYYY, Month DD). Title of Webpage: Subtitle. (If required) Retrieved Month Day, YYYY, from URL

World Health Organization . (2016, March 9). Questions and Answers on child health. https://www.who.int/features/

When several layers of an organisation etc are listed, use the most specific level as the author (e.g Centre for Research in Children's Literature rather than, University of Cambridge). The names of the parent group can be added after the title field for clarification.

Group author. (YYYY, Month day). Title: Subtitle. Parent group author if applicable. (if required) Retrieved Month Day, YYYY, from URL

Unless this would cause confusion, in which case include any other information needed to differentiate, with the overall body preceeding any sub divisions. For example if you were citing 2 webpages for research centres with the same name but from different parent organisations you would start the reference with the parent organisation first then after a comma include the name of the research centre as the subdivision.

Group author, Subdivsion. (YYYY, Month day). Title: Subtitle. (if required) Retrieved Month Day, YYYY, from URL

Multiple group authors

Where there are multiple group authors, use an & to separate them both in the Reference List and in-text citation (do not use a comma as with individual authors)

Group author & Group author. (YYYY, Month day). Title: Subtitle. (If required) Retrieved Month Day, YYYY, from URL
 

Sources with the same author and publisher

Where the author and publisher are the same, you can omit the publisher element as is the case with the BERA Guidelines:

British Educational Research Association. (2024). Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research (5th ed.). www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethicalguidelines-for-educational-research-2024

In-text: 

Follows standard Author/Year format, with page numbers for any quotes. For further guidance see the In-Text Citations page 

When there is no author for a website, the title moves to the first position of the reference entry:

Reference list:

Website title: Subtitle. (Year Published). (if required) Retrieved Month Day, YYYY, URL

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001).  http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001).  Retrieved July 12, 2019. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

In-text:

Cite the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title or abbreviated title:

("New child vaccine", 2001)

For online articles published in online news website, such as BBC News, there are no issue or volume numbers, please see separate guidance for online articles in Journals, Magazines or Newspapers.

Author, A. (YYYY, Month DD). Title of article: Subtitle. name of website. URL

Bailey, G. (2021, March 6). Why Art is important for a long happy life. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-4799074

In-text: 

Follows standard Author/Year format, with page numbers for any quotes. For further guidance see the In-Text Citations page 

Blog post

In-text: Standard Author/date format (only need the year)

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Year, Month Date Published). Title. Name of blog. URL 

Surname/Institution, INITIALS. (Year, Month Date Published). Title. Name of blog. URL 

Comment on a blog post

Include the person who left the comment as the author, using the format as it appears (either a real name or a username). 

Provide the comment title or up to the first 20 words of the comment; then within square brackets add  [Comment on the blog post "Title of blog post"] 

Link to the comment itself if possible, otherwise, link to the blog post.

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Year, Month Date Published). Comment Title (or first 20 words). [Comment on the blog post "Title of blog post"]. Blog Title. URL 

In-text Citations

Follow standard Author/Year format. For further guidance see the In-Text Citations page

It is always good practice to read and reference the original source of a work. If this is not possible you need to include the secondary source in your reference list, i.e the item you are using (whether it is a book, journal article or any other material) and acknowledge the original source by using the phrase (as cited in ...) in your in-text citation.

In-text:

MacGilchrist argues that ....(as cited in Brundrett & Rhodes, 2011, p. 99)

Reference List:

Brundrett, M., & Rhodes, C. (2011). Leadership for quality and accountability in education. London: Routledge.

To cite quotes from an online source where there are no visible page numbers, use paragraph numbers, where available, with the abbreviation para and include the section heading where available, for example (project introduction, para. 3).

Where the section heading is unmanageable to cite in full, use a shortened version enclosed in quotation marks, for example, use ("Mandatory Labelling," para. 4) for the heading Mandatory labelling has targeted information gaps and social objectives.

**DO NOT use the page numbers from material that you have printed out from an online source as different printers may reflect different pagination**

Use the information from the version/format you have read.

All examples are for book sources, please adapt for other source types following guidance in the relevant sections of this guide

Translated works
Use the information from the version/format you have read and acknowledge the translator.

Reference List (book example):

Surname, INITIALS, (date). Title (INITIALS, Surname, Trans.).Publisher.

Piaget, J (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.). Basic Books.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Citing your own translations

In-text

If you translate a passage from one language into another it is considered paraphrasing and not a direct quotation. Thus, to cite your translated material, all you need to do is include the author and date of the material in the in-text citation. It is helpful to include the page number in the citation as this will help any readers who do not speak the original language to find the translated passage.

Reference List:

In the reference list, provide the citation for the work in its original language and in addition to this provide an English translation of the title of the work in [square brackets] after the foreign-language title, without italics.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog 

 

Works written in languages other than English

It is helpful to provide an English translation of the title in square brackets. For example, an original French edition of a work by Piaget:

Use the information from the version/format you have read

Reference List (book example):

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. [Translated Title]. Publisher.

Piaget, J. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of  the child]. Presses Universitaires de France.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Reference List (Journal article example):

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Article title in original language [English translation of article title]. Journal name (Transliterated if in non-roman script), volume(Issue), Page(s). DOI or Web address (If access online)

Citing a work written in another language script

Titles should be transliterated and translated into English as in the example below of a source in Arabic, where the Arabic language has been transliterated from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin alphabet. Then you also put an English translation of the title of the document in squire brackets after the transliterated title.

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-Thaqafah.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog here 

Works written in a non-Roman script

You will need to transliterate the details of sources into the Roman script. Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog 

Author(s)

For the author you would use solely the transliterated form of their name(s) and you do not include the original script in either your reference list or any in-text citations

黒澤 明 transliterated is Akira Kurosawa 

The in-text citation would be the transliterated author surname and date, e.g (Kurosawa , 2002)

Title (not journal titles, please see below)

For titles you need to use the transliterated form and include the English translation within square brackets

七人の侍 transliterated is Shichinin no Samurai,

Journal titles, please see below

For journal titles you need to use the transliterated form only, with no need to include the English translation in square brackets

An Example of a transliterated source (a film)

The final reference would look like this:

Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai]. Toho: Japan.

(Kurosawa, 1954)

An Example of a source in Arabic (Book)

The Arabic language has been transliterated from the Arabic alphabet to the Roman alphabet, after which you also put an English translation of the title of the document in squire brackets (after the transliterated title).

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-Thaqafah.

 

If the information needed to create a reference list entry is missing or unknown please follow the guidance from the APA Blog  (taken from Section 9.4 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th edition)

If you only have an approximate date, place “ca.” (short for “circa”) before the year (or years if a date range)

(ca. 1959)

Date ranges have a hyphen between them (no space)

(ca. 1959-1962)

 

For further guidance please follow the guidance from the APA Blog  (taken from Section 9.42 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th edition)

Reference List
For your reference list, include all authors with the last author name preceded by & (up to 20 authors). 
For works with 20 or more authors, list the first nineteen then use an ellipsis (...) and list the name of the last author of the work (no & is required).
Please see examples in the Books by Multiple Authors Box for further guidance

In-Text Citations
For works with 1 or 2 authors include all names in every in-text citation

Parenthetical citations use the & between surnames (for 2 authors) and before the last surname for 3 or more authors, e.g
(Brown, 2017) or (Green & Preston, 2006)
Narrative citations spell out 'and' in between surnames (for 2 authors) and before the last surname for 3 or more authors, e.g
Brown (2017) or Green and Preson (2006)

For works with 3 or more authors, use the first author surname plus et al. (not italicised) for all in-text citations. The exception to this is when doing so would lead to confusion with other citations (i.e citations with the same lead author surname and year), in which case, include all author names to make the citation clear.

Parenthetical citations 
(Green et al., 2006)

Narrative citations
Green et al. (2006)

Additional guidance on in-text citations can be found on the APA Blog

Reviews are referenced following the format for the source they are published in, with the addition of the original source information in square brackets after the review title (if there is one), e.g [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director]

For reviews in books and journals provide the year of the review.

Surname, Initial(s) of reviewer, (YYYY). Title of review if there is one [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director] Source information i.e Journal/Book title. DOI or URL if there is one

For reviews from websites or newspapers provide the year, month and date of the review.

Surname, Initial(s) of reviewer, (YYYY, Month Day). Title of review if there is one [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director] Source information i.e Journal/Book title. DOI or URL if there is one

Book review published in a journal 

Fforde, A. (2016). [Review of the book Politics in contemporary Vietnam: party, state and authority relations, by J. London (Ed.).] Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 11(3-4), 365-372. doi: 10.1525/jvs.2016.11.3-4.365

Book review on the back or front pages of a book 

Cite as you would a chapter in a book, e.g.
Fforde, A. (2016). [Review of the book Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, (6th ed.), by R. Yin.]  In R. Yin, Case study research: design and methods (6th ed., Back cover). Sage.

Film review published on a website

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the film Mary Poppins, by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL
 

TV series review published on a website

Whole series

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the TV series Doctor Who, by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL

Individual episode

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the TV series episode "Praxeus", by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL

 

• In general when you are using an anonymous source, this will mean that they can't be retrieved as they can't be referred to directly therefore there is no need to add an entry into your reference list (giving an URL or other information would likely identify the source).
• Whether you use a pseudonym or in the case of multiple sources list them as 'School A' etc you do need to make it clear in the body of your text that these are anonymous sources and therefore would not have an entry in the reference list.
• If you need to anonymise comments from participants in a research survey then you can discuss comments and secure confidentiality by referring to participants by their role rather than their name their roles (e.g Teacher, student), or use your own code, or use pseudonyms
• You can include anonymised excerpts of a study or report in your appendix (as long as confidentiality is maintained), if so refer to the appendix in-text.

*Please note that you should not use Anon. or Anonymous in an in-text citation unless the author has specifically been stated as such in the source*

*For works where there is no author you need to start the reference with the title information instead*