Any table that you use needs to be referenced with the source of the original material indicated at the bottom of the table.

**Please note the placement of the title, which is added above the table with the citation added below the table**

Table 4.1

Types of case study

Table inserted here

(Stake, 2006, p.45)

Reference list (reference depends on the source of the material)

For example, a table taken from a book

Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple case study analysis. The Guilford Press.

Any diagrams, graphs etc that you use need to be referenced with the source of the original material indicated at the bottom.  

**Please note the placement of the title, which is added above the table with the citation added below the table**

Figure:

Figure 4.1

Model of listening

Figure inserted here

(Hallam & Creech, 2010, p.65)

Reference List: (reference depends on the source of the material)

For example, a figure taken from a book

Hallam, S., Creech, A., & University of London (Eds.). (2010). Music education in the 21st century in the United Kingdom: achievements, analysis and aspirations.  Institute of Education, University of London.

The original source used to create the table or figure must be referenced along with clear indication that this has been adapted.

Table:

Table 4.1

Types of case study

Table inserted here

(adapted from Stake, 2006)

Figure:

Figure 4.1

Model of listening

Figure inserted here

(adapted from Hallam & Creech, 2010, p.65)

 

 

General guidance on using photographs

If you are only making a passing reference to an image and not discussing it, there is no need to provide an entry in the Reference List, however it is good practice to include information on the source.  for example: An expression similar to Munch’s The Scream.

Elements to include in a reference for visual material

Include a description of the work, giving the medium  in square brackets after the title, e.g. [Photograph].

Include the role of the creator in round brackets after the initials, e.g. (Photographer)

Include the location and exhibition name if applicable 

Creator surname, INITIALS. (Photographer). (Date). Title of photograph [photograph]. museum/institution/URL

Jones, A. (Photographer). (2017). Faculty in the snow [Photograph] Cambridge Faculty of Education Library.
In-text:

(Jones, 2017)

Photographs from an exhibition

Include the exhibition name and location of the museum/gallery

Photographs from an exhibition catalogue (online or in print)

Reference following guidance for a chapter in a book with the addition of both the role of the creator and description of the work and if accessed online remember to include the URL. The publisher should be included for print catalogues if it differs from the title of the exhibition catalogue.

Hedge, W (Photographer). (2024). Leaves in the wind [Photograph]. In Nature in the wild exhibition catalogue. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (p.4).

Missing information

If there is no publication date use (n.d.) in place of the date

If no photographer information is provided and it is listed as anonymous use Anonymous. 

If a photograph is not specifically listed as anonymous then use the title of the photo as the first element of your reference and in-text citations

Faculty in the snow. (2017). [Photograph] Cambridge Faculty of Education Library.

In-text:

(Faculty in the snow, 2017)

For untitled photographs provide a description in square brackets in place of the title.

Jones, A. (Photographer). (2017). [Snow scene] [Photograph] Cambridge Faculty of Education Library.

General guidance 

If you are only making a passing reference to an art work and not discussing it, there is no need to provide an entry in the Reference List, however it is good practice to include information on the source.  for example: An expression similar to Munch’s The Scream.

Elements to include in a reference for visual material

• List the artist as the author of the work and provide their role in round brackets
• Include a description or medium/format in square brackets after the title. [Painting] [Sculpture] etc
• Include the exhibition name and location of the museum/gallery etc plus provide a link to the website if available.

Green, R.H. (Sculptor) (2017). Fenland couple in bronze [Exhibition Piece]. Old Firehouse Gallery, Ely, England

Images of works of art taken from an exhibition catalogue (online or in print)

Reference following guidance for a chapter in a book with the addition of both the role of the creator and description of the work and if accessed online remember to include the URL.

The publisher should be included for print catalogues if it differs from the title of the exhibition catalogue.

Please note that the title is not in italics and the name of the exhibition catalogue is added in italics.

Green, R.H. (Sculptor) (2017). Fenland couple in bronze [Exhibition Piece]. in Fenland images exhibition catalogue Old Firehouse Gallery, Ely, England (p.4)..

For untitled artwork, include a description in square brackets in place of a title.

Green, R.H. (Sculptor) (2017). [Couple in bronze] [Sculpture]. Old Firehouse Gallery, Ely, England

Missing information

When the date is known or there is reasonable evidence but it **is not** stated on the document, use [ca. YYYY] – with square brackets.

Taylor, J,R. (Painter) [ca.1600-1610]. Chandos Portrait [Painting]. National Portrait Gallery, London

If an approximate date **is** stated on the document you use (ca.1600-1610) – with round brackets

Taylor, J,R. (Painter) (ca.1600-1610). Chandos Portrait [Painting].  National Portrait Gallery, London

Description plaques in a museum or gallery 

Provide a description of the plaque in square brackets rather than the name of the artwork or item so it is clear that you are citing the plaque itself.

If the plaque itself is dated, use that date. If the plaque is not dated, use “n.d.” Do not use the date of the artwork or item being described

Information on a plaque is likely gathered from other sources, making the plaque itself a secondary source. If possible, locate and cite the  information from a primary source.

[Plaque with background information about Fenland couple in bronze]. (n.d.). Old Firehouse Gallery, Ely, England

Parenthetical citation: ([Plaque with background information about Fenland couple in bronze], n.d.)
Narrative citation: [Plaque with background information about Fenland couple in bronze] (n.d.)

Exhibitions

• Provide the curator(s) of the exhibition as the author and when the curator is unknown, start the reference with the title of the exhibition
• Include a description in square brackets after the title. [Art Exhibition] etc
• The year or range of years of the exhibition appears in the date element of the reference.
• The name and location of the museum appear as the source, providing a link to any website if available.

Design for green living [Exhibition]. (2015–2016). Old Firehouse Gallery, Ely, England. https://www.......

Warks, J.-L., & Bremer, F. (2018–2019). Design for green living [Exhibition]. (2015–2016). Old Firehouse Gallery, Ely, England. https://www.......

Parenthetical citations: (Design for green living, 2015–2016) or  (Warks & Bremer, 2018–2019)

Narrative citations: Design for green living (2015–2016) or  Warks and Bremer (2018–2019)

General guidance - Online Maps

Include a description in square brackets after the title. [Map] 

Include a retrieval date before the URL. Retrieved August 23, 2020 from URL

For maps that do not have a date or are created on demand use (n.d.). Do not use the date you created the map as the date for the reference.

For maps that do not have a title, provide a description in square brackets. [Google Maps directions for driving to Hills Road, Cambridge] 

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving to to Hills Road, Cambridge]. Retrieved August 23, 2020, from https://goo.gl.....

 

 

Insert any illustrations into you work as figures and please see the guidance on copyright.

When writing specifically about illustrations within a book, use the same information, (in the standard author–date format), as you would for written text.  Refer to the illustrator and his work in your narrative.

In-text:

“Errol Le Cain provides excellent examples of an enchanter turning roses red (Barber & Le Cain, 1991, p.3).”

When using a picture book with no page numbers, add unpaged to your citation with a clear description of the illustration.

“Errol Le Cain provides excellent examples of an enchanter turning roses red (Barber & Le Cain, 1991, unpaged).”

Please see the Picturebooks guidance in the  Books & Ebooks section for further information

 

 

Photographs taken of an artwork (or other creative work)

Insert as a figure

Figure:

Figure inserted here

Figure 4.1: Researcher's own photograph of [Tree struck by lightning by R.H Green, 2017]

(Green, 2017)

Reference list entry:

Green, R.H. (Painter) (2017). Tree struck by lightning  [Painting]. [Exhibition Piece: Wild Nature Exhibition] Green House Gallery, Cambridge, England. Photograph taken 12 March, 2023

Passing reference to an art work

APA's general guidance states that If you are only making a passing reference to an art work and not discussing it, there is no need to provide an entry in the Reference List or in-text citation, however it is good practice to include information on the source  

Figure:

Figure inserted here

Figure 4.1: Researcher's own photograph of [name of painting (or add description of painting), artist's name and date of work if available]

Using Images you have created 

If you created an image there is no need to provide an entry in the Reference List (unless you have previously published this image).

Insert as a figure

Figure:

Figure inserted here

Figure 4.1: Researcher's own diagram of work flows.

Using Images you have created but adapted from a published source

The original source used to create the image must be referenced along with clear indication that this image has been adapted. An in-text citation and reference list entry will need to be provided.

Figure:

Figure inserted here

Figure 4.1: Model of listening

(adapted from Hallam & Creech, 2010, p.65)

If referencing information from an advertisement, you will need to specify reference this according to the source you used, e.g radio, website, newspaper article. Please note the source maybe a location e.g [Advertising poster on Histon High street]
Advertisements are often temporary, so it is important to include the retrieval date.

Organisation. (YEAR, Month day). Title of advertisement [description of source]. URL if accessed online

It is always good practice to read and reference the original source of a work. If this is not possible you need to include the secondary source in your reference list, i.e the item you are using (whether it is a book, journal article or any other material) and acknowledge the original source by using the phrase (as cited in ...) in your in-text citation.

In-text:

MacGilchrist argues that ....(as cited in Brundrett & Rhodes, 2011, p. 99)

Reference List:

Brundrett, M., & Rhodes, C. (2011). Leadership for quality and accountability in education. London: Routledge.

To cite quotes from an online source where there are no visible page numbers, use paragraph numbers, where available, with the abbreviation para and include the section heading where available, for example (project introduction, para. 3).

Where the section heading is unmanageable to cite in full, use a shortened version enclosed in quotation marks, for example, use ("Mandatory Labelling," para. 4) for the heading Mandatory labelling has targeted information gaps and social objectives.

**DO NOT use the page numbers from material that you have printed out from an online source as different printers may reflect different pagination**

Use the information from the version/format you have read.

All examples are for book sources, please adapt for other source types following guidance in the relevant sections of this guide

Translated works
Use the information from the version/format you have read and acknowledge the translator.

Reference List (book example):

Surname, INITIALS, (date). Title (INITIALS, Surname, Trans.).Publisher.

Piaget, J (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.). Basic Books.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Citing your own translations

In-text

If you translate a passage from one language into another it is considered paraphrasing and not a direct quotation. Thus, to cite your translated material, all you need to do is include the author and date of the material in the in-text citation. It is helpful to include the page number in the citation as this will help any readers who do not speak the original language to find the translated passage.

Reference List:

In the reference list, provide the citation for the work in its original language and in addition to this provide an English translation of the title of the work in [square brackets] after the foreign-language title, without italics.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog 

 

Works written in languages other than English

It is helpful to provide an English translation of the title in square brackets. For example, an original French edition of a work by Piaget:

Use the information from the version/format you have read

Reference List (book example):

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. [Translated Title]. Publisher.

Piaget, J. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of  the child]. Presses Universitaires de France.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Reference List (Journal article example):

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Article title in original language [English translation of article title]. Journal name (Transliterated if in non-roman script), volume(Issue), Page(s). DOI or Web address (If access online)

Citing a work written in another language script

Titles should be transliterated and translated into English as in the example below of a source in Arabic, where the Arabic language has been transliterated from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin alphabet. Then you also put an English translation of the title of the document in squire brackets after the transliterated title.

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-Thaqafah.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog here 

Works written in a non-Roman script

You will need to transliterate the details of sources into the Roman script. Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog 

Author(s)

For the author you would use solely the transliterated form of their name(s) and you do not include the original script in either your reference list or any in-text citations

黒澤 明 transliterated is Akira Kurosawa 

The in-text citation would be the transliterated author surname and date, e.g (Kurosawa , 2002)

Title (not journal titles, please see below)

For titles you need to use the transliterated form and include the English translation within square brackets

七人の侍 transliterated is Shichinin no Samurai,

Journal titles, please see below

For journal titles you need to use the transliterated form only, with no need to include the English translation in square brackets

An Example of a transliterated source (a film)

The final reference would look like this:

Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai]. Toho: Japan.

(Kurosawa, 1954)

An Example of a source in Arabic (Book)

The Arabic language has been transliterated from the Arabic alphabet to the Roman alphabet, after which you also put an English translation of the title of the document in squire brackets (after the transliterated title).

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-Thaqafah.

 

If the information needed to create a reference list entry is missing or unknown please follow the guidance from the APA Blog  (taken from Section 9.4 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th edition)

If you only have an approximate date, place “ca.” (short for “circa”) before the year (or years if a date range)

(ca. 1959)

Date ranges have a hyphen between them (no space)

(ca. 1959-1962)

 

For further guidance please follow the guidance from the APA Blog  (taken from Section 9.42 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th edition)

Reference List
For your reference list, include all authors with the last author name preceded by & (up to 20 authors). 
For works with 20 or more authors, list the first nineteen then use an ellipsis (...) and list the name of the last author of the work (no & is required).
Please see examples in the Books by Multiple Authors Box for further guidance

In-Text Citations
For works with 1 or 2 authors include all names in every in-text citation

Parenthetical citations use the & between surnames (for 2 authors) and before the last surname for 3 or more authors, e.g
(Brown, 2017) or (Green & Preston, 2006)
Narrative citations spell out 'and' in between surnames (for 2 authors) and before the last surname for 3 or more authors, e.g
Brown (2017) or Green and Preson (2006)

For works with 3 or more authors, use the first author surname plus et al. (not italicised) for all in-text citations. The exception to this is when doing so would lead to confusion with other citations (i.e citations with the same lead author surname and year), in which case, include all author names to make the citation clear.

Parenthetical citations 
(Green et al., 2006)

Narrative citations
Green et al. (2006)

Additional guidance on in-text citations can be found on the APA Blog

Reviews are referenced following the format for the source they are published in, with the addition of the original source information in square brackets after the review title (if there is one), e.g [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director]

For reviews in books and journals provide the year of the review.

Surname, Initial(s) of reviewer, (YYYY). Title of review if there is one [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director] Source information i.e Journal/Book title. DOI or URL if there is one

For reviews from websites or newspapers provide the year, month and date of the review.

Surname, Initial(s) of reviewer, (YYYY, Month Day). Title of review if there is one [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director] Source information i.e Journal/Book title. DOI or URL if there is one

Book review published in a journal 

Fforde, A. (2016). [Review of the book Politics in contemporary Vietnam: party, state and authority relations, by J. London (Ed.).] Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 11(3-4), 365-372. doi: 10.1525/jvs.2016.11.3-4.365

Book review on the back or front pages of a book 

Cite as you would a chapter in a book, e.g.
Fforde, A. (2016). [Review of the book Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, (6th ed.), by R. Yin.]  In R. Yin, Case study research: design and methods (6th ed., Back cover). Sage.

Film review published on a website

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the film Mary Poppins, by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL
 

TV series review published on a website

Whole series

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the TV series Doctor Who, by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL

Individual episode

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the TV series episode "Praxeus", by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL

 

• In general when you are using an anonymous source, this will mean that they can't be retrieved as they can't be referred to directly therefore there is no need to add an entry into your reference list (giving an URL or other information would likely identify the source).
• Whether you use a pseudonym or in the case of multiple sources list them as 'School A' etc you do need to make it clear in the body of your text that these are anonymous sources and therefore would not have an entry in the reference list.
• If you need to anonymise comments from participants in a research survey then you can discuss comments and secure confidentiality by referring to participants by their role rather than their name their roles (e.g Teacher, student), or use your own code, or use pseudonyms
• You can include anonymised excerpts of a study or report in your appendix (as long as confidentiality is maintained), if so refer to the appendix in-text.

*Please note that you should not use Anon. or Anonymous in an in-text citation unless the author has specifically been stated as such in the source*

*For works where there is no author you need to start the reference with the title information instead*