Unpublished works include work that is in progress or has not been formally published. If citing a work that is in progress you will need to update the reference and refer to the final published version of the source where possible to do so.

For journal articles please see the Unpublished, In Press and Advance Online Journal Articles box on the Journals, Magazine & Newspapers page.

Unpublished works (if a manuscript is available online, reference as an informally published work)

Author, INITIALS. (Year work was completed or draft written). Title of work: Subtitle [Description of status and source type]. (Where known/applicable) Name of Department/University. 

Lieker, P. (2004). Comparative systems [Unpublished manuscript] University of Sussex

Description = [Unpublished manuscript / Manuscript in preparation / Manuscript submitted for publication]

Informally published works

Author, INITIALS. (Year work was completed or draft written). Title of work: Subtitle. Name of Repository/database/archive.

Wrieker, P. (2009). Comparative systems (ED254). ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov

if a number has been assigned to the work  include this number in round brackets after the title.

Author, INITIALS. (Year work was completed or draft written). Title of work: Subtitle (Publication number). Name of database or archive.

Wrieker, P. (2009). Comparative systems (ED254). ERIC. https://files.eric.ed.gov

Confidential documents

Documents such as school policy documents, that are shared with a confidentiality agreement, should not be cited in text or included in your reference list (including any URLs or information could reveal the source). It may be possible to discuss information contained within these documents if material is suitably disguised. Please seek permission from the author of the work and seek guidance from your supervisor if unsure about this.

Description of material = PhD thesis, MPhil Thesis, MEd Thesis, MPhil Essay 1, MEd Essay 2 etc

Published (Institutional repository, personal website or database)

Include a description in square brackets after the title, to include the description of the item itself and the name of the awarding body.

Surname, INITIALS. (Year). Title of dissertation: Subtitle. [Description of material, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Database/website/Repository name. URL

Williams, G. (2020). Analysis of curriculum systems. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge]. Apollo University of Cambridge Repository. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.7472

Unpublished (available in print from author or institution)

Include a description of the material in square brackets after the title, prefixed by Unpublished

Surname, INITIALS. (Year). Title of dissertation: Subtitle. [Unpublished master's thesis etc]. Name of institution awarding the Degree

Reference list:

Aguirre, A. (2015). What Is the role of the arts in early years education seen through the lens of child-centred pedagogy in the 21st Century. [Unpublished MPhil Thesis]. University of Cambridge.

The citation of interviews depends on the nature of the interview, and if published the source you used.

If an interview is published you will need to reference this according to the source you used, e.g radio, website, transcript in a book/Journal article. Please see the relevant sections in this guide for further guidance.

Interviews with research participants form part of your original research, therefore you do not include an entry in your reference list and no in-text citation is needed.

For unpublished interviews such as interviews you have conducted as part of your research, you will need to take care to respect any confidentiality therefore you may need to assign pseudonyms and consent needs to be obtained to include any information in your work (including any transcripts in your appendix). If you need to discuss comments from participants then you can secure confidentiality by referring to participants by their general role rather than their job title or name, as well as using pseudonyms. Be aware that giving any URLs or other information can identify the source. Further information can be found on the  APA Blog

You can include anonymised excerpts of a study or report in your appendix (as long as confidentiality is maintained and permission has been sought), if so refer to the appendix in-text.

Quotations from research interviews are formatted in the same way as quotes from published sources (just without the in-text citation). For further guidance please see the Direct Quotes section of this guide.

If you need to include the name from an interview you have conducted (in person, phone or email), and they have agreed to be quoted in your work, reference this as a personal communication in your text. Do not include this in your reference list, as this is not a retrievable source.

** Caution: -  Referencing of lectures should be a rare event, where possible refer to any original sources mentioned**

Reference List:

Surname of Speaker, Initials. (YYYY, Month Day). Title of lecture (if available) [Lecture]. Location of lecture

Warwick, P. (2014, November 14) Primary Science is Incredible. [Lecture] University of Cambridge: Faculty of Education.

In-text:

(Warwick, 2014)

Personal communications do not have reference list entries because they are not a retrievable source

If a person has agreed to be identified, cite the source in-text as personal communication

In-text:

(Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Date, Year)

(J. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2016)

**Anonymous should not be used in lieu of a name as this term can only be used when a source is specifically signed as ‘anonymous’**

If a person has *Not agreed* to be identified as a source, do not provide the name, instead secure confidentiality by using pseudonyms and disguising identifying material. Further information can be found on the APA Blog