General guidance

Author - include their role in round brackets after the name. For multiple names provide the role in round brackets after all the names

The roles included in your reference depend on the source and added at your discretion (Host, writer, producer etc.) 

Description of source = The format of the reference stays the same for all audiovisual sources with a description of the work in square brackets after the title information, e.g. [Radio broadcast] or [Audio podcast]

Broadcast or podcast?

Podcasts are pre-recorded, downloadable and have a longer life span and can be edited.

Broadcasts are live radio shows following a broadcasting timetable and are not edited.e.g. Radio Breakfast Show

Radio broadcast or Podcast 

Date:

When a show spans multiple years, give the date range in both the reference list and in-text citations. If a broadcast is still airing at the time of writing your paper cite the date as -Present e.g. (2017-Present)

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Role). (Broadcast Date or Date Range). Title of programme/podcast  [Radio broadcast/Audio podcast].  Broadcaster. URL (if accessed online).

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Role), & Surname, INITIALS (Role if more that one is needed). (Broadcast Date Year, Month Day). Title of programme/podcast  [Radio broadcast/ Audio podcast].  Broadcaster. URL

Al-Khalili, J (presenter). (2011-present).The life scientific [Audio podcast]. BBC Radio. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015sqc7/episodes/downloads 

In-text: (Author/Year)

Parenthetical citation
( Al-Khalili, 2021-present)
Narrative citations 
Al-Khalili (2021-present)

Episode in a Radio broadcast or podcast

Date = Provide the full date episode was first aired (Year, Month Day)

Reference list: 

Surname, INITIALS. (Role), & Surname, INITIALS (Role if more that one is needed). (Broadcast Date Year, Month Day). Title of programme/podcast  [Radio broadcast/ Audio podcast].  Broadcaster. URL

Fry, H (Guest expert), & Al-Khalili, J (presenter). (2021, September 7).The life scientific [Audio podcast]. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000zdq1

In-text: (Author/Year)

Parenthetical citation
(Fry & Al-Khalili, 2021)
Narrative citations 
Fry and Al-Khalili (2021)

 

Stage Production

Director Surname, INITIALS. (Director). (Year, Month day of performance). Title of play by Playright INITIAL. Surname, [Stage production]. Theatre, Location

Granville, P. (Director). (2001, June 8). The Tempest by W. Shakespeare, [Programme]. The Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.

Theatre programme

Director Surname, INITIALS. (Director). (Year, Month day of performance). Title of play by Playright INITIAL, Surname, [Programme]. Theatre, Location

Granville, P. (Director). (2001, June 8). The Tempest by W. Shakespeare, [Programme]. The Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.

For events, whether you need to include in-text citations or make an entry in your Reference List would depend on what material you are using and in what context. For example no citations would be needed for personal reflection on your experience but APA does state that you should provide sources for specialised facts and knowledge therefore direct information or photos taken of exhibits etc would need to be referenced.

Further information about citing personal experiences can be found on the APA Blog

Events and Personal Experiences

Whether you need to include in-text citations or make an entry in your Reference List would depend on what material you are using and in what context. For example no citations would be needed for personal reflection on your experience but APA does state that you should provide a reference for specialised facts and knowledge such as direct information or photos taken of exhibits etc 

Further information about citing personal experiences can be found on the APA Blog (6th edition).

It is always good practice to read and reference the original source of a work. If this is not possible you need to include the secondary source in your reference list, i.e the item you are using (whether it is a book, journal article or any other material) and acknowledge the original source by using the phrase (as cited in ...) in your in-text citation.

In-text:

MacGilchrist argues that ....(as cited in Brundrett & Rhodes, 2011, p. 99)

Reference List:

Brundrett, M., & Rhodes, C. (2011). Leadership for quality and accountability in education. London: Routledge.

To cite quotes from an online source where there are no visible page numbers, use paragraph numbers, where available, with the abbreviation para and include the section heading where available, for example (project introduction, para. 3).

Where the section heading is unmanageable to cite in full, use a shortened version enclosed in quotation marks, for example, use ("Mandatory Labelling," para. 4) for the heading Mandatory labelling has targeted information gaps and social objectives.

**DO NOT use the page numbers from material that you have printed out from an online source as different printers may reflect different pagination**

Use the information from the version/format you have read.

All examples are for book sources, please adapt for other source types following guidance in the relevant sections of this guide

Translated works
Use the information from the version/format you have read and acknowledge the translator.

Reference List (book example):

Surname, INITIALS, (date). Title (INITIALS, Surname, Trans.).Publisher.

Piaget, J (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.). Basic Books.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Citing your own translations

In-text

If you translate a passage from one language into another it is considered paraphrasing and not a direct quotation. Thus, to cite your translated material, all you need to do is include the author and date of the material in the in-text citation. It is helpful to include the page number in the citation as this will help any readers who do not speak the original language to find the translated passage.

Reference List:

In the reference list, provide the citation for the work in its original language and in addition to this provide an English translation of the title of the work in [square brackets] after the foreign-language title, without italics.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog 

 

Works written in languages other than English

It is helpful to provide an English translation of the title in square brackets. For example, an original French edition of a work by Piaget:

Use the information from the version/format you have read

Reference List (book example):

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. [Translated Title]. Publisher.

Piaget, J. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of  the child]. Presses Universitaires de France.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Reference List (Journal article example):

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Article title in original language [English translation of article title]. Journal name (Transliterated if in non-roman script), volume(Issue), Page(s). DOI or Web address (If access online)

Citing a work written in another language script

Titles should be transliterated and translated into English as in the example below of a source in Arabic, where the Arabic language has been transliterated from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin alphabet. Then you also put an English translation of the title of the document in squire brackets after the transliterated title.

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-Thaqafah.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog here 

Works written in a non-Roman script

You will need to transliterate the details of sources into the Roman script. Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog 

Author(s)

For the author you would use solely the transliterated form of their name(s) and you do not include the original script in either your reference list or any in-text citations

黒澤 明 transliterated is Akira Kurosawa 

The in-text citation would be the transliterated author surname and date, e.g (Kurosawa , 2002)

Title (not journal titles, please see below)

For titles you need to use the transliterated form and include the English translation within square brackets

七人の侍 transliterated is Shichinin no Samurai,

Journal titles, please see below

For journal titles you need to use the transliterated form only, with no need to include the English translation in square brackets

An Example of a transliterated source (a film)

The final reference would look like this:

Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai]. Toho: Japan.

(Kurosawa, 1954)

An Example of a source in Arabic (Book)

The Arabic language has been transliterated from the Arabic alphabet to the Roman alphabet, after which you also put an English translation of the title of the document in squire brackets (after the transliterated title).

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-Thaqafah.

 

If the information needed to create a reference list entry is missing or unknown please follow the guidance from the APA Blog  (taken from Section 9.4 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th edition)

If you only have an approximate date, place “ca.” (short for “circa”) before the year (or years if a date range)

(ca. 1959)

Date ranges have a hyphen between them (no space)

(ca. 1959-1962)

 

For further guidance please follow the guidance from the APA Blog  (taken from Section 9.42 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th edition)

Reference List
For your reference list, include all authors with the last author name preceded by & (up to 20 authors). 
For works with 20 or more authors, list the first nineteen then use an ellipsis (...) and list the name of the last author of the work (no & is required).
Please see examples in the Books by Multiple Authors Box for further guidance

In-Text Citations
For works with 1 or 2 authors include all names in every in-text citation

Parenthetical citations use the & between surnames (for 2 authors) and before the last surname for 3 or more authors, e.g
(Brown, 2017) or (Green & Preston, 2006)
Narrative citations spell out 'and' in between surnames (for 2 authors) and before the last surname for 3 or more authors, e.g
Brown (2017) or Green and Preson (2006)

For works with 3 or more authors, use the first author surname plus et al. (not italicised) for all in-text citations. The exception to this is when doing so would lead to confusion with other citations (i.e citations with the same lead author surname and year), in which case, include all author names to make the citation clear.

Parenthetical citations 
(Green et al., 2006)

Narrative citations
Green et al. (2006)

Additional guidance on in-text citations can be found on the APA Blog

Reviews are referenced following the format for the source they are published in, with the addition of the original source information in square brackets after the review title (if there is one), e.g [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director]

For reviews in books and journals provide the year of the review.

Surname, Initial(s) of reviewer, (YYYY). Title of review if there is one [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director] Source information i.e Journal/Book title. DOI or URL if there is one

For reviews from websites or newspapers provide the year, month and date of the review.

Surname, Initial(s) of reviewer, (YYYY, Month Day). Title of review if there is one [Review of the book/film/TV series Book etc title, by Initial(s) Surname of author/editor/writer/director] Source information i.e Journal/Book title. DOI or URL if there is one

Book review published in a journal 

Fforde, A. (2016). [Review of the book Politics in contemporary Vietnam: party, state and authority relations, by J. London (Ed.).] Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 11(3-4), 365-372. doi: 10.1525/jvs.2016.11.3-4.365

Book review on the back or front pages of a book 

Cite as you would a chapter in a book, e.g.
Fforde, A. (2016). [Review of the book Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, (6th ed.), by R. Yin.]  In R. Yin, Case study research: design and methods (6th ed., Back cover). Sage.

Film review published on a website

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the film Mary Poppins, by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL
 

TV series review published on a website

Whole series

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the TV series Doctor Who, by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL

Individual episode

Fforde, A. (2016, March 5). [Review of the TV series episode "Praxeus", by R. Stevenson,Dir.] Title of Website, URL

 

• In general when you are using an anonymous source, this will mean that they can't be retrieved as they can't be referred to directly therefore there is no need to add an entry into your reference list (giving an URL or other information would likely identify the source).
• Whether you use a pseudonym or in the case of multiple sources list them as 'School A' etc you do need to make it clear in the body of your text that these are anonymous sources and therefore would not have an entry in the reference list.
• If you need to anonymise comments from participants in a research survey then you can discuss comments and secure confidentiality by referring to participants by their role rather than their name their roles (e.g Teacher, student), or use your own code, or use pseudonyms
• You can include anonymised excerpts of a study or report in your appendix (as long as confidentiality is maintained), if so refer to the appendix in-text.

*Please note that you should not use Anon. or Anonymous in an in-text citation unless the author has specifically been stated as such in the source*

*For works where there is no author you need to start the reference with the title information instead*