Both name and year are given in brackets:

The academic library is described as having a vital role in the community (Garofalo, 2013)

With a quote:

"The academic library is described as having a vital role in the community" (Garofalo, 2013, p.3)

Only the year of publication is given in brackets:

Garofalo (2013) describes the role played by the academic library within the community

With a quote:

Garofalo (2013) states that "the academic library is described as having a vital role in the community" (p.3)

or

Garofalo states that "the academic library is described as having a vital role in the community" (2013, p.3)

Citation information is not added in brackets:

In 2013, Garofalo described the role played by the academic library within the community

With a quote:

In their 2013 work, Garofalo states that "the academic library is described as having a vital role in the community" (p.3)

⁠If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have *different initials*, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. This is to help avoid confusion.

(J. M. Abrams & Neimeyer, 2015)

(W. Abrams, 2014)

(P. Abrams et al.,)

If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname and the same initials, cite the works in the standard author–date format.

(Abrams, 2021)

(Abrams, 1999)

If multiple authors within a single reference share the same surname, the initials are not needed in the in-text citation; cite the work in the standard author–date format

(Abrams & Abrams, 2021)

These are distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the date and within the brackets, this will determine the order in your  reference list e.g. ‘Garofalo (2013a)’ would be listed before ‘Garofalo (2013b)’. Further guidance on this can be found on the APA Blog Here

Garofalo (2013a, 2013b) discussed the subject…

 

 

For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation.

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation (even the first citation) *(see exception below)

2 authors

The surnames of both authors should be given every time the reference occurs in the text:

Parenthetical Citation - use an ampersand (&) between names 

The academic library has an important role (Brundrett & Rhodes, 2011)

Narrative Citation - always spell out 'and'

Brundrett and Rhodes (2011) have proposed that…

3 or more authors

Include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in every citation (even the first citation).

Parenthetical Citation 

(Green et al., 2006)

Narrative Citation 

Green et al. states that the academic library has an important role (2006, p.5)
 

*Please note that the exception to this is when two papers with the same publication date would both abbreviate to the same “et al.” form, in which case spell out as many surnames as needed to make your citations unique and avoid confusion.

Parenthetical Citation 

(Green, Brown, & Bonne, et al., 2017)

(Green, Yellow, et al., 2017)

Narrative Citation 

Green, Brown and Bonne et al. states that the academic library has an important role (2017, p.5)

Green and Yellow et al. state.... (2017, p.5)

Parenthetical Citations are listed in alphabetical order separated by a semi colon:

 (Green, 2006;  Jones, 2001; Turner, 2011)

Narrative Citations can be listed in any order

 Turner (2011), Green(2006) and Jones, (2001) argue that....

If citing 2 works by the same author, write the author once and the dates in chronological order separated by a comma (earliest first):

(Garofalo, n.d., 2009, 2013, in press)

If citing 2 works by the same author published in the same year, use lower case a,b,c etc after the date:

(Garofalo, 2013a, 2013b)

To highlight one source as being the most relevant you can list them first regardless of alphabetical order and then list the remaining sources alphabetically by using 'see also' after a semi colon.

(Turner, 2011; see also Green, 2006;  Jones, 2001)

The first time you refer to an organisation or a group, define the abbreviation by writing the name in full, and include the abbreviated form in brackets. Thereafter, use the abbreviated form for all subsequent citations.

First citation

Parenthetical Citation 

(Department for Education [DfE], 2011)

Narrative Citation 

Department for Education (DfE, 2011)

Subsequent citations

Parenthetical Citation 

(DfE, 2011)

Narrative Citation 

DfE (2011)

Reference list guidance

Do not abbreviate names in your reference list, group names need to be spelt out as they appear in the body of your work. 

Further details about abbreviating group authors can be found on the APA Blog 

*Please note that the abbreviation “ibid.” is not used in APA Style*

It is considered over citation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed. Instead, when paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, or using multiple quotes from the same source, cite the source in full within the first sentence and do not repeat the full citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged.

If you cite multiple works by the same author(s), regardless of the publication years, you must include the date for every in-text citation to prevent confusion. 

For each new paragraph you will need to include the full citation in the first instance.

*If in doubt and you think there could be confusion as to the source repeat the citation information in full.*

Appropriate level of citation is covered in section 8.1 of the APA Manual and also on the APA Blog

Parenthetical Citations:

Include the author(s) and year and page number if you are using a quote, for the first instance then provide the just the year or page number for further instances, as long as no other sources have been quoted in between.

First quote (Hargreaves & Rolls, 2020, p. 34). Second quote within the same paragraph, with no other sources cited in between (p. 12).

Narrative Citations:

Do not repeat the year for narrative in-text citations, where they appear in a single paragraph however any page numbers for quotes will need to be added.

For each new paragraph you will need to include the year in the first instance.

 

To cite quotes from an online source where there are no visible page numbers, use paragraph numbers, where available, with the abbreviation para and include the section heading where available, for example (project introduction, para. 3).

Where the section heading is unmanageable to cite in full, use a shortened version enclosed in quotation marks, for example, use ("Mandatory Labelling," para. 4) for the heading Mandatory labelling has targeted information gaps and social objectives.

**DO NOT use the page numbers from material that you have printed out from an online source as different printers may reflect different pagination**

It is best to paraphrase sources rather than using direct quotes so you can demonstrate an understanding of the work you have read. However, you may wish to include a direct quote if it is particularly important to your argument and you want to emphasise that the author has something really significant to say.

When quoting from a source you must always provide a citation. The formatting of quotes depends on the length.

Direct quotations must be accurate and match the punctuation, spelling and wording of the original source (even if the original source is incorrect). If a quotation that includes errors is likely to distract or cause confusion for the reader, it is best to consider paraphrasing instead. If a quotation is still needed, see the guidance on Changes to quotes & quotes with omitted material below.

Short quotation (fewer than 40 words)

Always include a full citation (parenthetical or narrative) in the same sentence.

Incorporate your quote into your text, within double quotation marks, with an in-text citation at the end.

Short quotations are also used for direct speech and turns of phrase.

Parenthetical citation

Parenthetical citations need to be either immediately after the quotation or at the end of the sentence.

"A community built around the academic library can assist students and faculty seeking assistance in their research and information-gathering activities but who may be reluctant or unable to visit the physical library building in person" (Garofalo, 2013, p. 6).

Narrative citation

For narrative citations there are options to suit the flow of your sentence.

Include the author and year in the sentence then place the page number in round brackets after the quotation. 

In 2013 Garofalo suggests that "a community built around the academic library..." (p. 6).

Include the author in the sentence followed by the year in round brackets, then place the page number in round brackets after the quotation. 

Garofalo (2013) suggests that "a community built around the academic library..." (p. 6).

If the quote follows the author's named, place the year and page number in round brackets at the end.

Garofalo suggests that "a community built around the academic library..." (2013, p. 6).

Block quotations (40 words of more)

Do not use quotation marks 

Start quotation on a new line and indent the block of text (0.5 in.)

For in-text citations:

Insert a Parenthetical citation directly after the quote

the technological and social changes of the twenty-first century have expanded the roles of social media and social networking and highlighted the ubiquity of these technologies.  The term 'social media' denotes 'websites and applications which enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking' (OED Online, 2012). This is a democratizing technology, affording anybody the capacity to create content and disseminate information; a kind of global 'word of mouth' for the twenty-first century. (Garofalo, 2013, pp. 1-2).

Or provide a narrative citation before the quotation (not indented) and then the page number in round brackets at the end of the quote.

In 2013 Garofalo stated:

the technological and social changes of the twenty-first century have expanded the roles of social media and social networking and highlighted the ubiquity of these technologies.  The term 'social media' denotes 'websites and applications which enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking' (OED Online, 2012). This is a democratizing technology, affording anybody the capacity to create content and disseminate information; a kind of global 'word of mouth' for the twenty-first century (pp. 1-2).

To cite quotes from an online source where there are no visible page numbers, use paragraph numbers, where available, with the abbreviation para and include the section heading where available, for example (project introduction, para. 3).

Where the section heading is unmanageable to cite in full, use a shortened version enclosed in quotation marks:

For example use ("Mandatory Labeling," para. 4) for the heading Mandatory labeling has targeted information gaps and social objectives.

**DO NOT use the page numbers from material that you have printed out from an online source as different printers may reflect different pagination**

Direct quotations must be accurate and match the punctuation, spelling and wording of the original source (even if the original source in incorrect). If a quotation that includes errors, is likely to distracting or cause confusion for the reader, it is best to consider paraphrasing instead.

Making changes for any incorrect spelling or grammar

If any errors might lead to confusion you can highlight this by inserting the word [sic] in italics immediately after the misspelt word etc. *Do not correct the error*

Brown (2008) claims that "everyone needs to have a locker for there [sic] bicycle" (p.12)

*Do not correct the error* The only change you can make to the grammar of a quote is to change the capitalisation of the first word to allow for the context of your sentence, you may also remove any footnote or endnote numbers.

Inserting material into a quote

Use square brackets if you need to include any additional information for explanation purposes.

 Brown (2008) claims that "The provision for [children's] writing is essential" (p.12)

Omitting material

A long quotation might span multiple sentences, in which case you may wish to shorten a sentence or tie two sentences together. Use an ellipsis to indicate that you have omitted words within a quotation , however do not use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a quote unless this is included in the original quotation..

• Use an ellipsis (3 full stops) with a space before and after, for any omitted material within an individual sentence. ... 
• Use a full stop then an ellipsis, with a space before and after to show a sentence break. . ...

Brown claims that "technological and social changes of the twenty-first century have expanded the roles of social media . ... This is a democratizing technology ... a kind of global 'word of mouth' for the twenty-first century" (pp. 1-2)

Including additional words within a quote for clarification

Should you need to add any words for explanation or clarification then these need to be inserted using square brackets.

"The provision for [children's] writing is essential"

Adding emphasis

If you need to emphasise a word or words in a quote, use italics and then add [emphasis added] directly afterwards

Brown (2008) claims that "A good diet is essential [emphasis added], for longevity of pets" (p.12)

Quotations that contain paraphrased summaries of another work

When using material that have citations to other sources (i.e if the source you have used has paraphrased from another source), include these citations within the quotation but do not include the works in your reference list unless you have used and cited these elsewhere in your paper. Cite the source you are using, giving the page number.

If the citation appears at the end of the end of the passage you wish to quote then it is common practice to end the quote before the citation, especially when the material you are quoting represents a new approach to the original source in cases where the author(s) have summarised the original, and you want to quote this summary.

Footnotes and endnotes are omitted from quotes, it is only in-text citations that are included.

Quotations that contain direct quotations from another work

If you would like to use a direct quotation from another work, it is best practice to read and cite this quote from the original. if the original source is not available you can cite as a secondary source.

• For Short quotations (less than 40 words), Enclose the whole section in double quotation marks then use single quotation marks for the secondary quote (i.e any material that was enclosed in double quotation marks within the source you are using).
  Green (2009) noted that "bicycle lockers enabled employees to 'cycle safe' and reduce the risk of damage during winter months" (p.4)
• For Block quotations (40 words of more), use double quotation marks around the secondary quote, keeping the whole block quote indented and not enclosed in any quotation marks.

 

When quoting research participants you need to obtain and respect any confidentiality and/or anonymity agreements you have made.

You may need to use pseudonyms and/or obscure identifying information (such as the name of a school etc). In the case of anonymity requirements, sources can be discussed whilst suitably disguised but they would not be cited in text or listed in your reference list, as such sources would not be retrievable and to cite them would compromise confidentiality.

Further information can be found in the Anonymous Sources section of this guide.

Paraphrasing is defined as restating into your own words, another person's ideas (or your own from previously published work). You do not need page numbers if you are paraphrasing generally from ideas presented in a work, however, you should include page numbers when it will help the reader find the relevant passage in a long or complex work or you are paraphrasing from a specific page. 

A section of paraphrased text may be several sentences long, it is not necessary to repeat the citation as long as there is no confusion and it is within the same paragraph. If your paraphrasing continues into a new paragraph you will need to include another citation.

You must include the page numbers when using direct quotations 

 

Parenthetical Citations are listed in alphabetical order separated by a semi colon

 (Green, 2006;  Jones, 2001; Turner, 2011)

Narrative Citations can be listed in any order

 Turner (2011), Green(2006) and Jones, (2001) argue that....

If citing 2 works by the same author, write the author once and the dates in chronological order separated by a comma (earliest first):

(Garofalo, n.d., 2009, 2013, in press)

If citing 2 works by the same author published in the same year, use lower case a,b,c etc after the date:

(Garofalo, 2013a, 2013b)

To highlight one source as being the most relevant you can list them first regardless of alphabetical order and then list the remaining sources alphabetically by using 'see also' after a semi colon.

(Turner, 2011; see also Green, 2006;  Jones, 2001)