Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Robson, C. (2011). Real world research: a resource for users of social research methods in applied settings. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

In-text:

(Robson, 2011)

2 authors

Reference list:

Provide the surnames of all authors followed by the date:

Surname, INITIALS., &  Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Brundrett, M., & Rhodes, C. (2011). Leadership for quality and accountability in education. London: Routledge.

In-text:

(Brundrett & Rhodes, 2011)

** Note the use of '&' - however, when citing as part of a sentence the full word ‘and’ is used. **

3-5 authors

Reference list:

Provide the surnames of all authors followed by the date:

Surname, INITIALS., Surname, INITIALS., Surname, INITIALS., & Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Green, A., Preston, J., & Janmaat, J,G. (2006). Education, equality and social cohesion: a comparative analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

In-text:

When a source has 3 to 5 authors cite all authors the first time:

(Green, Preston, & Janmaat, 2006)

For subsequent citations of the same source use the name of the first author followed by et al. (not italicised and with a full stop after al):

(Green et al., 2006)

6-7 authors

Provide the surnames of all authors followed by the date in the Reference list.

In-text:

Use the first author followed by 'et al.', for all instances.

(Gray et al., 2006)

8 or more authors

Reference list:

If 8 or more authors, insert ellipsis ... after the 6th author, followed by the last author:

Surname, INITIALS., Surname, INITIALS., Surname, INITIALS., Surname, INITIALS., Surname, INITIALS., Surname, INITIALS, ... last Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

In-text:

Use the first author followed by 'et al.', for all instances.

(Gray et al., 2006)

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS., &  Surname, INITIALS. (Eds.) (date). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Arthur, J., Grainger, T. & Wray, D. (Eds.) (2006). Learning to teach in the primary school. London: Routledge.

In-text:

(Arthur, Grainger & Wray, 2006)

**If there is a single editor, omit the 's' from the reference.**

Surname, INITIALS. (Ed.) (Date). Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Eds.) (date). Title (edition info). Place of publication: Publisher.

For numbered editions

Arthur, J. & Cremin, T. (Eds.) (2010). Learning to teach in the primary school (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

For named editions

Arthur, J. & Cremin, T. (Eds.) (2010). Learning to teach in the primary school (Rev. ed.). London: Routledge.

In-text:

(Arthur & Cremin, 2010)

Chapters in edited books

Reference list:

1 Editor - use (Ed.)

Chapter author surname, INITIALS. (date). Chapter title. In INITIALS. Surname (Ed.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Publisher.

2 Editors - use (Eds.)

Chapter author surname, INITIALS. (date). Chapter title. In INITIALS. Surname & INITIALS. Surname (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Publisher.

Trouche, L. (2005). An instrumental approach to mathematics learning in symbolic calculators environments. In D. Guin & L. Trouche (Eds.), The didactical challenge of symbolic calculators: turning a computational device into a mathematical instrument (pp. 137-162). New York: Springer.

Note the way that the names of the editors are not reversed as they are for the author(s) of the chapter 

In-text:

(Trouche, 2005)

Chapters in a non-edited book with named authors

Reference list:

Chapter author surname, INITIALS. (date). Chapter title. In INITIALS. Surname, Title of book (pages of chapter). Publisher.

O’Hanlon, C., & Thomas, T. (2004). Preface. In D. Skidmore, Inclusion: the dynamic of school development (pp. v-xxi). Maidenhead: Open University Press.

 In-Text:

 (O'Hanlon & Thomas, 2004)

**Please note** You need to use pp. for a range of numbered pages but omit pp. for unnumbered pages such as the title page or back cover

If you are citing something that has been republished, the entry in the reference list should use the date of the version you read. At the end, append the date of the original work or the source of the reprint in round brackets:

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (date). Title of original work. In (edition info) Title of republished work Place of publication: Publisher. (Original work published YYYY)

Shakespeare, W. (2007). The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. In J. Bate & E. Rasmussen (Eds.), William Shakespeare: Complete Works (pp. 1918-2003). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Publishers. (Original work published 1603)

In-text:

(Shakespeare, 1603/2007)

Republished work with a translation:

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3 - 66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

In-text:

(Freud, 1923/1961)

Single books from a series:

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS, (date). Title. (Series). Place of publication: Publisher.

Waugh, D. & Bushell, T. (1995). Places (Key geography). Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes.

In-text:

(Waugh & Bushell, 1995)

Referencing books from a numbered series:

There is no requirement with APA to include volume numbers when referencing a book from a series however it is no problem to include them if you feel it is appropriate:

Individual titles:

Surname, INITIALS, (date). Title of book. (Series title and volume number). Place of publication: Publisher.

Scottish Classics Group (Ed.) (1982). Rome at last (Ecce Romani: a Latin reading course Volume 2) (2nd ed). Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.

Solely numbered series:

Surname, INITIALS, (date). Title of series. Volume number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Cambridge School Classics Project (Ed.) (2003). Cambridge Latin course. Book 5 (4th ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Referencing a whole series:

As the books may have been published over several years you need to use a year range.

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Date range). Title. [Book Series] Place of Publication: Publisher.

Rowling, J.K. (1997-2007). Harry Potter. [Book series] London: Bloomsbury

In-text:

(Rowling, 1997-2007).

Translated work
Use the information from the version you have read and acknowledge the translator.

Reference List:

Surname, INITIALS, (date). Title (INITIALS, Surname, Trans.). Place of publication: Publisher.

Piaget, J (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.). New York: Basic Books.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Citing your own translations

In-text

If you translate a passage from one language into another it is considered paraphrasing and not a direct quotation. Thus, to cite your translated material, all you need to do is include the author and date of the material in the in-text citation. It is helpful to include the page number in the citation as this will help any readers who do not speak the original language to find the translated passage.

Reference List:

In the reference list, provide the citation for the work in its original language and in addition to this provide an English translation of the title of the work in [square brackets] after the foreign-language title, without italics.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog here

 

Works written in a foreign language

It is helpful to provide an English translation of the title in square brackets. For example, an original French edition of a work by Piaget:

Reference list:

Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title. [Translated Title]. Place of Publication, Country: Publisher.

Piaget, J. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of  the child]. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.

In-text:

(Piaget, 1969)

Citing a work written in another language script

Titles should be transliterated and translated into English as in the example below of a source in Arabic, where the Arabic language has been transliterated from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin alphabet. Then you also put an English translation of the title of the document in squire brackets after the transliterated title.

Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.

Further guidance and more examples can be found on the APA Blog here 

If you are citing sources such as picture book and graphic novels, where the illustrator plays an extensive role, it is fine to include the illustrator as well as the author, however there is no need to state the roles of the creators. Further guidance about referencing children's picture books and children's literature in general can be found on the APA blog here.

Reference List:

Author Surname, INITIALS., & Illustrator Surname, INITIALS. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Fox, M., & Mullins, P.  (1986). Hattie and the fox. Sydney, Australia: Scholastic Press.

In-text (paraphrase):
(Author Surname & Illustrator Surname, Year)    

OR
In-text (direct quote):
(Author Surname & Illustrator Surname, Year, page number)

(Fox & Mullins, 1986, p. 6)

For ancient texts, you should use the authorised numbering system (eg. book and verse, or chapter and section), as page numbers can vary across editions. Use italics for the title of the work.

Homer, Odyssey, 10·190

Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1·17·5

Don't shorten the titles of ancient works (eg. use Aeneid not Aen.)

It's generally better to give a title in English and it is good practice always to translate quotations given in ancient languages

Odysseus reaches Circe’s island by accident, and indeed, when he arrives on the island, Odysseus describes ‘οὐ γάρ τ’ἴδμεν, ὅπῃ ζόφος οὐδ’ ὅπῃἠώς,’ [for we don’t where the west is, nor where dawn is] (Odyssey,10·190), because the geography of fantasy land is beyond his comprehension.

Pausanias, in his Description of Greece, suggested that Odysseus’s description seems to resemble the geography of Thesprotia, where such a shrine existed (1·17·5).

Reference List entries are not required for major classical works, however if you wish to provide an entry, for example because it is less well-known or the edition matters for your purposes), you can list it as follows under the EDITOR (with the name of the ancient author in the title):

Dewar, M. (1996). Claudian: Panegyricus de Sexto Consulatu Honorii Augusti.  Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Thilo, G. & Hagen, H. (1881). Servii Grammatici Qui Feruntur in Vergilii  Carmina Commentarii.  Leipzig: Teubner.

For translations, you should use the Loeb Classical Library and reference the work like this:

Goold, G. P. (1991). Virgil: Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid 1-6. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Only in-text citations are required; there is no need to include an entry in your Reference List.

Bible

Genesis 3:7-9, (King James Version).

Qur'an

(Qur'an 5:3-4)

The reference list entry for an ebook includes the author, date, title and source (URL or DOI).

Reference list:

Author, A. (date). Title of book. Retrieved from URL

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2013). Research methods in education (7th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9780203720967

Author, A. (date). Title of book. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxx

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). doi:10.4324/9780203029053

In-text:

(Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2013)

** Note, that if you are using Zotero, ebooks should be added from the ebook page and not from the catalogue **

For a chapter in an ebook, include the chapter title and page numbers (if available).

Always provide either a doi or the URL

Chapters in an edited book

For 1 Editor use (Ed.) 

For 2 or more Editors use (Eds.)

Reference list:

Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In INITIAL. Surname (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). doi:xxxxxxxxxx

Halissey, H. (2013). Takes from an Irish primary teacher. In C. Sharma (Ed.), Drama and theatre with children (pp. 44–54). doi:

Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In INITIAL. Surname &  INITIAL. Surname (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Retrieved from URL

McDuffie, K. (2013). Technology and models of literacy in young adult dystopian fiction. In B. Basu & C. Hintz (Eds.), Contemporary dystopian fiction for young adults. (pp. 44-54 ). Retrieved from https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9780203084939

In-text:

The in-text citation includes the author and date, as with any other APA Style citation.

(McDuffie, 2013)

Chapters with named authors in a non-edited book

Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In INITIAL. Surname, Title of book (pp. xx–xx). doi:xxxxxxxxxx

Halissey, H. (2013). Takes from an Irish primary teacher. In C. Sharma, Drama and theatre with children (pp. 44–54). doi:

If you are citing material that has been accessed via an ereader such as a Kindle/Nook/Kobo/etc, you will need to include the make and model of the device in your reference list as location settings vary between devices.

Reference list:

Whole book
Author, A. (date). Title of book. [Make and model of device]. Retrieved from URL

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th edition). [Kindle Fire HDX] Retrieved from http://www.Amazon.com

Chapter in an edited book

Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book [Make and model of device]. Retrieved from URL

McDuffie, K. (2013). Technology and models of literacy in young adult dystopian fiction. In B. Basu, K. Broad, & C. Hintz (Eds.), Contemporary dystopian fiction for young adults. [Kobo Touch] Retrieved from https://store.kobobooks.com

In-text:

Missing pagination

For quotes you will need to describe the location. Where possible name the major sections i.e. chapter, section, and paragraph number (abbreviating long titles).

(Chapter 1, “Diagnostic Criteria”, para. 3).
If it is not possible to name a specific section use the location number from your device, but not the page numbers as these vary between devices and also individual settings.

(Chapter 1, “Diagnostic Criteria”, loc. 1265).

Or if there are no section headers just provide the location number but please make sure to provide details of the device you used to access this in your reference list.

(Chapter 1, loc. 1265).

To cite the ebook without using quotes the same format is needed as with other sources (Surname, YYYY)

(Creswell, 2013)

Note that it is desirable to cite from a printed version or an ebook if possible, where page number can be easily confirmed.

Where possible it is recommended that you cite from the printed copy or a traditional ebook version however if you are only able to get access to a source via this restricted ebook format then you will need to retrieve the URL from iDiscover as it isn’t visible when viewing material from the Electronic Legal Deposit PC Terminal.

Whole ebook:

Author, A. (date). Title of book. [Restricted Access Ebook] Retrieved from URL

Wilson, E. (Ed.) (2012). School-based research: a guide for education students [Restricted Access Ebook] Retrieved from http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_BLLDaleph-0

Chapter from ebook

Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). [Restricted Access Ebook] Retrieved from URL

McDuffie, K. (2013). Technology and models of literacy in young adult dystopian fiction. In B. Basu, K. Broad, & C. Hintz (Eds.), Contemporary dystopian fiction for young adults. (pp. 44-54 ). [Restricted Access Ebook] Retrieved from http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Missing Pagination

Pages numbers for material accessed on the E-Legal Deposit PC Terminals can be found in the top of the tool bar on the left hand side.

If no pagination is given then you will need to describe the location using the chapter, section and paragraph number. Where there are long section headings this can be shortened and enclosed in quotation marks

(Chapter 1, “Diagnostic Criteria”, para. 3).

For more information about how to recognise and access this type of ebook, see our blog post here.