Stage Production
Director Surname, INITIALS. (Director). (Year, Month day of performance). Title of play by Playright INITIAL. Surname, [Stage production]. Theatre, Location
Granville, P. (Director). (2001, June 8). The Tempest by W. Shakespeare, [Programme]. The Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.
Theatre programme
Director Surname, INITIALS. (Director). (Year, Month day of performance). Title of play by Playright INITIAL, Surname, [Programme]. Theatre, Location
Granville, P. (Director). (2001, June 8). The Tempest by W. Shakespeare, [Programme]. The Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon.
For events, whether you need to include in-text citations or make an entry in your Reference List would depend on what material you are using and in what context. For example no citations would be needed for personal reflection on your experience but APA does state that you should provide sources for specialised facts and knowledge therefore direct information or photos taken of exhibits etc would need to be referenced.
Further information about citing personal experiences can be found on the APA Blog here.
Please see the *Managing Your References (Zotero)* page for further guidance on downloading and using Zotero, including FAQs on how to add materials into your Zotero library
Recorded music – individual song
Writer, INITIALS. (Copyright year). Title of song [Recorded by Artist]. On Title of album [Medium of recording Vinyl Audio/CD/MP3 etc]. Location: Label. (if different to the copyright year Date of recording)
The Beatles (1965). Help! [Recorded by The Beatles]. On Rubber Soul [Vinyl]. London: Parlophone
In-Text
(The Beatles, 1965)
Different recording date
The Beatles (1965). Help! [Recorded by The Beatles]. On Rubber Soul [CD]. London: Parlophone. (2009)
In-Text
(The Beatles, 1965/2009)
Recorded music – Whole Album
Writer Surname, INITIALS. (Year). Album title [(if different from the artist) Recorded by Artist INITIALS. Surname or Band name]. [Medium of recording]. Location: Record Label.
The Beatles (1965). Rubber Soul [Vinyl]. London: Parlophone
In-Text
(The Beatles, 1965)
Recorded music – Lyrics
Lyrics from the songwriter
If the source of the lyrics are from a non-retrievable source such as a performance that was not recorded and you obtained the lyrics from the songwriter or your own personal recollection then you will *not* need to provide an entry in your reference list.
In-text (from songwriter)
(Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Date, Year)
(Personal communication from songwriter , August 15, 2016)
In-Text (personal recollection)
Place the lyrics in square brackets to indicate that you have transcribed the lyrics and they are not from a published source
(Personal recollection, August 15, 2016)
Music Video
Cite as per source you are using, for example YouTube: - Please see guidance in the Social Media Section
Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL
If only the screen name of the person who posted the video is known:
Screen name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL
TheBeatlesVEVO. (2018, June 21). The Beatles – Help! [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q_ZzBGPdqE
In-Text
To cite a specific lyric you should include the time stamp from the video
“And now my life has changed in oh so many ways” (TheBeatlesVEVO, 2018, 01:25)
Music Score
To cite a musical score follow the format to cite a book.
Composer Surname, INITIALS. (Date). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
If you feel that extra information needs to be included you can add this in square brackets after the title, for example [Vocal score or Orchestral score]
If you're using a reprint of an old score, there’s no need to include the information about the original publisher, but do include the original publication date (see guidance on republished works)
For musical scores not written in English you will need to provide a translation of the title in square brackets (see guidance in the *Translated works & works written in a foreign language* section)
Mozart, W. A. (1970). Die Zauberflöte [The magic flute], [Vocal score]. Munich, Germany: Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung. (Original work published 1791)
In-Text
(Mozart, 1791/1970)