Perhaps the most important stage of any literature search, the planning stage
contains 4 key steps:
Step 1: Identify keywords & phrases
Step 2: Consider language variation
Step 3: Consider the scope of your search
Step 4: Select a database / Select a database by subject
Identifying key terms and phrases which best describe your area of research is perhaps one of the most important parts of literature searching - remember, what you put in determines what you get out and whilst databases are highly sophisticated, they will only search for exactly what you type in! Omitting key terms from your search strategy will result in an incomplete literature search as relevant literature is likely to be missed.
Spending time planning your search will help to prevent the need to re-run searches with terms omitted from your initial query and it will result in more relevant items. Some databases include an in-built thesaurus (BEI & ERIC for example) - where available, we highly recommend you make use of this facility as it will help you to think through your search, organise your ideas and compile your search terms.
Identifying concepts, keywords & phrases - an example
Write your research statement/question as a sentence:
Investigate the effects of ability grouping within a primary education mathematics class |
Identify the key concepts - our example above has 3 clear concepts (1: ability grouping, 2: primary education, 3: mathematics). For each concept, build a set of synonyms and related terms (ensuring that each set of terms all relate to the same concept). Remember to use the database thesaurus where there is one to help compile your list of search terms:
The Search Preparation form below can help to plan your search and identify keywords and phrases
Spelling variations | Databases usually only match on the specific word(s) you enter so remember to use all variations: e.g. counselling/counseling; behaviour/behavior; wellbeing/well-being/well being If the database includes a thesaurus, use this to establish which term will cover all variations. |
Acronyms & abbreviations |
You may need to include both the acronym and the full term: |
Ambiguous terms |
Try to avoid the use of ambiguous, non-concrete terms as these are likely to bring back irrelevant results. This is especially key when using cross-disciplinary databases such as Scopus or Web of Science. |
Thesaurus use |
A thesaurus is a highly useful facility present in some databases (BEI, ERIC & PsycINFO for example). It will help you to identify relevant terms to incorporate into your search strategy. Terms can be combined with free-text searches to enable you to conduct a highly comprehensive search. It is arranged hierarchically and will place a subject term in its context in relation to other broader, narrower and related terms. They are particularly useful in establishing the most current term to use. When using a database that includes a thesaurus (BEI or ERIC for example), remember that each database uses a different set of controlled vocabulary so it is not possible to transfer one set of search terms directly from one database to another. Re-search the thesaurus in each database you use to ensure that you use the correct set of terms that relate to your concepts. |
Stop words | Stop words are commonly used words such as articles, pronouns and prepositions (the, so, with). Most databases ignore these even when included within quotation marks and replace them with any word. See the help section within each database for further information and a list of stop words. |
There are a number of factors to consider when deciding on the scope of your search. To ensure consistency, the same limits should be applied across all databases you search. All of the following will narrow your search and reduce the number of results:
Selecting the the most appropriate database(s) is a key part of the planning stage. There is overlap across many of the databases, but if you are conducting a thorough and systematic literature search, you need to ensure that you search all of those that are relevant. Use the tabs above to find out about those databases and resources relevant to education and related disciplines. Each tab includes a coverage and scope box which will enable you to select those that relate to your subject area. You can also Select a database by subject. |
We strongly recommend that you create an account on each of the databases you search as this will enable you to save and edit searches and re-run them at a later date |
Image credit: Nick Youngson
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
The AERD is a curated collection of research (peer-reviewed articles, chapters, PhD theses and working papers) undertaken in the past decade by scholars based in sub-Saharan Africa. Developed by the Faculty’s REAL Centre, AERD includes social science research with implications for educational policy and practice, understood in the context of the global priorities and targets expressed in Sustainable Development Goal 4 ‘ensuring inclusive and quality education for all’, and the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and Continental Education Strategy for Africa. For more coverage details click here. |
Full text? | No – some material is available via University subscriptions – to access these, search iDiscover |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
At the search page, click on the arrow next to Editions and untick all other indexes apart from the Arts & Humanities Citation Index
Coverage & scope | Indexes more than 1,300 arts and humanities journals and accessed via the Web of Science. Good source for: Arts & creativity; Children's literature; Drama |
Full text? | No - each entry includes a link enabling you to check whether online access is available |
Specialist features |
Citation database In addition to enabling you to retrieve high quality academic material using sophisticated and comprehensive search techniques, a citation database enables you to see how many times a previously published paper has been cited in the current literature. Citations are sometimes used as a way to evaluate a piece of work and assess its impact. However, there can be many reasons for citing (negative citations, ethnocentricity, self-citation) and a high citation count does not necessarily indicate that the research is of a high quality. |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
Use Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Chromium-based Edge (version 87 & higher) to access this database (EBSCO no longer supports Internet Explorer (all versions) or Legacy Edge (version 18 & lower))
Coverage & scope |
Specialist database focusing on journals in the field of education published in the UK. For more coverage details click here Good source for: Assessment; Arts & Creativity; Children's Literature; Counselling (within schools); Education (all curriculum subjects); International development; Psychology & education; School leadership; Second language learning |
Full text? |
No - each entry includes a link enabling you to check whether online access is available |
Specialist features | Includes a highly useful thesaurus to help establish relevant terminology plus introduce new terminology and new areas of research |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
Use Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Chromium-based Edge (version 87 & higher) to access this database. (EBSCO no longer supports Internet Explorer (all versions) and Legacy Edge (version 18 & lower))
Coverage & scope |
Child Development & Adolescent Studies, produced by NISC, is today’s source for references to the current and historical literature related to growth and development of children through the age of 21. This database includes all of the issues of Child Development Abstracts & Bibliography from 1927 - 2001 previously published by the Society for Research in Child Development plus new coverage on Child Rights and welfare issues Good source for: Children's literature; Counselling; Psychology |
Full text? | Yes. To find full text articles, click on Linked Full Text under Search Options |
Specialist features | Includes a highly useful index of terms to help establish relevant terminology plus introduce new terminology and new areas of research |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope | Includes exclusive video resources, interviews, detailed study guides, essays and lesson plans. Good source for: Drama |
Full text? | Yes |
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
Filmed and audio recordings of performances plus scripts along with ebooks covering context and criticism. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Arts & creativity; Drama |
Guide | Video guides available here |
Full text? | Yes |
Help & support | Can be found on these pages |
Click the link below to access the database:
Use Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Chromium-based Edge (version 87 & higher) to access this database. EBSCO no longer supports Internet Explorer (all versions) or Legacy Edge (version 18 & lower)
Alternative access via Proquest (please note that you will not have access to material saved within your EBSCO account)
Coverage & scope |
Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) is an American English-language database relating to education. ERIC indexes over 650 journals, plus books, research syntheses, conference papers, technical reports and policy papers. For more coverage details click here Good source for: Assessment; Arts & creativity; Children's literature, Counselling (within schools); Education (all curriculum subjects); International development; Psychology & education; School leadership; Second language learning |
Full text? |
Mixed - entries either include a PDF option OR a link enabling you to check whether online access is available |
Specialist features | Includes a highly useful thesaurus to help establish relevant terminology plus introduce new terminology and new areas of research |
Help & support |
|
The video below uses the British Education Index as an example, but the functionality is the same on ERIC
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
A fully searchable database covering English and American poetry, drama and prose. Another good source for material on Children's Literature. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Children's literature; Drama |
Full text? | Mixed - entries either include a PDF option OR a link enabling you to check whether online access is available |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
Produced by the Modern Language Association (MLA) covering more than 3 million citations from journal articles, books, book chapters, dissertations, scholarly websites, editions, and translations published from the late 19th century to the present. For more coverage details click here Good source for: World languages and literatures, Linguistics and teaching of language, Drama, Film, Children's Literature. |
Full text? |
Mixed - entries either include a PDF option OR a link enabling you to check whether online access is available via Cambridge University Subscriptions. Full text is limited so do not use the option to limit to full text as you will exclude content available through University subscriptions |
Specialist features | Includes a highly useful thesaurus to help establish relevant terminology plus introduce new terminology and new areas of research |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope | Publishes material especially concerning small states, including; globalisation and multilateral trade issues; export and enterprise development education; gender; public service management and reform; law and human rights. Good source for: International development; Developing countries |
Full text? | Yes |
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope | OECD iLibrary provides online access to the many publications put out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Publications include country studies, forecasting publications, reports, periodicals, and socio-economic databases. Topics covered include agriculture, developing economies, education, employment, energy, environment, health, migration, social issues, sustainable development and more. Good source for: International development; Developing countries |
Full text? | Yes |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the resource:
Coverage & scope | This resource library contains a range of short articles, blog pieces and videos to summarise findings from PEDAL's research, alongside links to their latest academic publications. Good source for: Play; Psychology |
Full text? | Mixed (depending on material) |
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
A full text searchable database covering digital humanities and social science. A good source for material on Children's Literature. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Children's literature; Drama |
Full text? | Yes |
Help & support | Project Muse guide available here |
Click the link below to access the database:
Use Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Chromium-based Edge (version 87 & higher) to access this database. (EBSCO no longer supports Internet Explorer (all versions) and Legacy Edge (version 18 & lower))
Coverage & scope |
APA PsycArticles is a full-text database of journals published by APA, the Canadian Psychological Association, Hogrefe Publishing Group and APA's Educational Publishing Foundation dating back to 1894. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Assessment; Counselling; Psychology; Wellbeing/mental health |
Full text? | Yes |
Specialist features | Includes a highly useful thesaurus to help establish relevant terminology plus introduce new terminology and new areas of research |
Help & support |
|
The video below uses the British Education Index as an example, but the functionality is the same on PsycArticles
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
PsycBooks, from the American Psychological Association (APA), is a source for over 69,000 full-text, peer-reviewed chapters from 4600 scholarly and professional psychology books, including reference works. Coverage spans 1620 to present. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Assessment; Counselling; Psychology; Wellbeing/mental health |
Full text? | YES |
Specialist features | Includes a highly useful thesaurus to help establish relevant terminology plus introduce new terminology and new areas of research |
Help & support |
|
Click the link below to access the database:
Use Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Chromium-based Edge (version 87 & higher) to access this database. (EBSCO no longer supports Internet Explorer (all versions) and Legacy Edge (version 18 & lower))
Coverage & scope |
APA PsycINFO is an abstract database of psychological literature from the 1800s to the present. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Assessment; Counselling; Psychology; Wellbeing/mental health |
Full text? | MIXED - entries either include a PDF option OR a link enabling you to check whether online access is available |
Specialist features | Includes a highly useful thesaurus to help establish relevant terminology plus introduce new terminology and new areas of research |
Help & support |
|
The video below uses the British Education Index as an example, but the functionality is the same on PsycInfo
Click here to access the database:
Coverage & scope | A database of psychological tests and measures designed for use with social and behavioral science research. Focused primarily on unpublished tests, this database was designed to save your researchers time from having to reproduce tests when conducting research on previously measured constructs. Good source for: Psychological tests |
Full text? | Mixed – some entries include a PDF option |
Specialist features |
Includes indexes which allow you to browse tests by subject |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
PubMed comprises more than 27 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. Good source for: Counselling; Psychology; Mental health |
Full Text? | MIXED PubMed Guide to finding full text articles |
Help & Support |
|
Click the link below to access the database:
Coverage & scope |
Scopus is international in coverage and indexes 16,500 peer-reviewed journals plus book series and conference papers in the fields of Scientific, Technical, Medical and Social Sciences including Arts & Humanities. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Arts & creativity; Children's literature; Counselling; Education; International development; Medical education; Psychology & education; School leadership; Second language learning |
Full text? | No - each entry includes a link enabling you to check whether online access is available |
Specialist features |
Citation database In addition to enabling you to retrieve high quality academic material using sophisticated and comprehensive search techniques, a citation database enables you to see how many times a previously published paper has been cited in the current literature. Citations are sometimes used as a way to evaluate a piece of work and assess its impact. However, there can be many reasons for citing (negative citations, ethnocentricity, self-citation) and a high citation count does not necessarily indicate that the research is of a high quality. |
Help & support |
Click the link below to access the database:
If prompted to log in, select 'Institutional Access' then select 'UK Federation' from the list, after which you can search for 'University of Cambridge' which will take you to the RAVEN log in page.
Coverage & scope |
WoS provides access to current and retrospective bibliographic information and cited references found in nearly 1,130 of the world's leading arts, humanities and social science journals. Includes the Social Sciences Citation Index which enables you to see how many times an article has been cited. For more coverage details click here. Good source for: Arts & creativity; Children's literature; Counselling; Education; International development; Medical education; Psychology & education; School leadership; Second language learning |
Full text? | No - each entry includes a link enabling you to check whether online access is available. |
Specialist features |
Citation database In addition to enabling you to retrieve high quality academic material using sophisticated and comprehensive search techniques, a citation database enables you to see how many times a previously published paper has been cited in the current literature. Citations are sometimes used as a way to evaluate a piece of work and assess its impact. However, there can be many reasons for citing (negative citations, ethnocentricity, self-citation) and a high citation count does not necessarily indicate that the research is of a high quality. |
Help & support |
Selecting the the most appropriate database(s) is a key part of the planning stage. There is overlap across many of the databases, but if you are conducting a thorough and systematic literature search, you need to ensure that you search all of those that are relevant.
Use the tabs above to select a database according to your subject area. See the Select a Database/Resource box for details of each of the databases together with help and support. If there is not a tab that relates to your subject area, just contact us (library@educ.cam.ac.uk)
Web of Science includes the Arts & Humanities Citation Index
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